Electric Biochemistry of Sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin is a major phospholipid in myelin sheaths, which play a pivotal role in saltatory,conduction of myelinated axons [1]. Sphingomyelin consists of phosphorylcholine or phosphoryl ethanol amine and ceramide [2] to form lipid bilayer of cell membrane [3]. Under the physiological condition at neutral pH, choline is a positive residue, which associates with an anion such as a chloride ion Phosphate forms diester bonds with...
Possible Existence of a Salivary Gland-Oral Mucosa/Gingiva Axis Under Challenges by Endotoxins
Hosoi K1*, Javkhlan P2 and Yao C1
In the submandibular salivary gland (SMG), endotoxins have been shown to induce inflammation cytokines and inflammatory proteins such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor–α,(TNF-α), and calprotectin. Among them, the salivary gland inflammatory protein, calprotectin, is localized in the cytoplasm of the gland cells upon challenges made by endotoxins, and is not secreted into saliva, suggesting its protective...
On the Structure of Beta-Sheet
Polypeptides forms three types of two-dimensional structures, that is, alpha-helix, parallel betasheet, and anti-parallel beta-sheet. An alpha-helix, which is a special type of parallel beta-sheet structures, consists of a single polypeptide with a minimum repetitive unit of twist. It is well known that an amide bond forms a planar structure by structural resonance...
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